The Complete ISEE Math Vocabulary List
- Dec 30, 2025
- 4 min read
One of the biggest challenges on the ISEE isn’t the math itself — it’s the language of math.The ISEE loves phrasing questions in precise, technical vocabulary. When students don’t know these terms, they misinterpret problems, skip steps, or solve the wrong thing entirely.
This Complete ISEE Math Vocabulary List gathers every essential word students should understand before taking the Lower, Middle, or Upper Level ISEE. Think of it as a translation guide between everyday English and “test language.”
Use this list to build confidence, clarity, and speed — long before test day.
⭐ 1. Number & Operation Vocabulary
Integer — whole numbers and their negatives (…, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …)
Whole number — 0 and positive integers only
Natural number — counting numbers (1, 2, 3, …)
Rational number — a number that can be written as a fraction of two integers
Irrational number — a number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction (π, √2)
Absolute value — the distance from zero; always positive
Prime number — a number with exactly two factors: 1 and itself
Composite number — a number with more than two factors
Factor — a number that divides evenly into another
Multiple — the result of multiplying; numbers in a times table
Dividend — the number being divided
Divisor — the number dividing
Quotient — the result of division
Remainder — what is left over after division
Product — the result of multiplication
Sum — the result of addition
Difference — the result of subtraction
Reciprocal — 1 divided by a number (reciprocal of 3 is 1/3)
Terminating decimal — ends (0.25)
Repeating decimal — repeats forever (0.333…)
⭐ 2. Fraction, Ratio & Percent Vocabulary
Proportion — two equal ratios
Rate — a ratio comparing two different units (miles per hour)
Unit rate — a rate with denominator 1
Equivalent fractions — fractions that represent the same value
Simplify — reduce to lowest terms
Ratio — comparison of two quantities
Percent — out of 100
Percent increase / decrease — how much a value changes by percent
Discount — amount subtracted from a price
Markup — amount added to a priceCommission — percent of sales earned
⭐ 3. Algebra Vocabulary
Variable — a letter representing a number
Expression — a math phrase (no equals sign)
Equation — contains an equals sign
Inequality — compares two values (<, >, ≤, ≥)
Coefficient — a number multiplying a variable (in 7x, 7 is the coefficient)
Constant — a number without a variable
Term — parts of an expression separated by + or –
Exponent — tells how many times a number is multiplied by itself
Base — the number being repeated in exponential form
Linear equation — forms a straight line when graphed
Slope — steepness of a line (rise/run)
Intercept — where a line crosses an axis
Distribute — multiply a number into a parenthesis
Factor (in algebra) — rewrite as multiplication
Evaluate — plug in a value and compute
Solution — the number that makes an equation true
⭐ 4. Geometry Vocabulary
Point — exact location
Line — extends forever in both directions
Ray — starts at a point, extends forever in one direction
Segment — part of a line with two endpoints
Parallel lines — never intersect
Perpendicular lines — meet at 90°
Angle — formed by two rays
Right angle — 90°
Acute angle — less than 90°
Obtuse angle — greater than 90°
Straight angle — 180°
Shapes & Properties
Polygon — any closed shape with straight sides
Triangle — 3-sided polygon
Quadrilateral — 4-sided polygon
Parallelogram — opposite sides parallel
Rectangle — parallelogram with right angles
Square — rectangle with equal sides
Rhombus — parallelogram with all sides equal
Trapezoid — exactly one pair of parallel sides
Circle — set of points equidistant from center
Radius — distance from center to edge
Diameter — full length across circle
Circumference — distance around a circle
Chord — line segment in a circle not passing through center
Arc — part of a circle’s circumference
Measurements
Area — amount of space inside a figure
Perimeter — distance around a figure
Surface area — total area of all faces of a 3D figure
Volume — amount of space inside a 3D shape
Altitude / height — perpendicular distance to base
⭐ 5. Data, Statistics & Probability Vocabulary
Mean — average
Median — middle number
Mode — most frequent number
Range — max – min
Outlier — value far from the rest
Probability — likelihood of an event happening
Outcome — result of a trial
Sample space — all possible outcomes
Independent events — one event does not affect the other
Dependent events — one event changes the probability of the other
Permutation — arrangement where order matters
Combination — group where order does not matter
⭐ 6. Word Problem Vocabulary (The Most Critical Section)
These words often appear in tricky ISEE questions:
At least — ≥
At most — ≤
No more than — ≤
No less than — ≥
Difference between — subtraction
How many more — subtraction
How many in total — addition
Increased by — addition
Decreased by — subtraction
Product of — multiplication
Sum of — addition
Distributed evenly — division
Consecutive — in order (integers, evens, odds)
Combined work — add individual rates
Constant rate — consistent speed or change
Per — signal for division or rate (miles per hour)
Yield — produce/total result
Remaining — subtraction
Inclusive — count both endpoints
These terms often determine how a student sets up the problem — and therefore whether they get it right.
⭐ 7. Graphs & Functions Vocabulary
Coordinate plane — graph with x- and y-axes
Ordered pair — (x, y)
Quadrant — one of four sections on the plane
Function — a rule where each input has exactly one output
Domain — input values
Range — output values
Plot — place a point
Trend — general direction in data



